ABSTRACT
Background: Bloodstream infection by Candida species has a high mortality in Latin American countries. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with documented bloodstream infections caused by Candida species in third level hospitals and determine the risk factors for in-hospital-mortality. Methods: Patients from seven tertiary-care hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia, with isolation of a Candida species from a blood culture were followed prospectively from March 2008 to March 2009. Epidemiologic information, risk factors, and mortality were prospectively collected. Isolates were sent to a reference center, and fluconazole susceptibility was tested by agar-based E-test. The results of susceptibility were compared by using 2008 and 2012 breakpoints. A multivariate analysis was used to determinate risk factors for mortality. Results: We identified 131 patients, with a median age of 41.2 years. Isolates were most frequently found in the intensive care unit (ICU). Candida albicans was the most prevalent species (66.4% of the isolates), followed by C. parapsilosis (14%). Fluconazole resistance was found in 3.2% and 17.6% of the isolates according to the 2008 and 2012 breakpoints, respectively. Fluconazole was used as empirical antifungal therapy in 68.8% of the cases, and amphotericin B in 22%. Hospital crude mortality rate was 35.9%. Mortality was associated with age and the presence of shock at the time of Candida detection. Fluconazole therapy was a protective factor for mortality. Conclusions: Candidemia is associated with a high mortality rate. Age and shock increase mortality, while the use of fluconazole was shown to be a protective factor. A higher resistance rate with new breakpoints was noted. .
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Candida/classification , Candidemia/mortality , Hospital Mortality , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/drug effects , Candidemia/microbiology , Colombia/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Objetivo: Cuantificar la ateromatosis aórtica mediante la sumatoria de espesores de la pared aórtica dividida en cuatro segmentos y determinar asociación con eventos cardiovasculares futuros. Material y métodos. Entre 1998 y 2001 se realizó eco transesofágico en 413 pacientes; de ellos 113 pacientes fueron incluídos prospectivamente con diagnóstico de ateromatosis aórtica y seguidos clínicamente en forma semestral. Se analizó sistemáticamente la aorta, dividida en cuatro segmentos: aorta ascendente, cayado, descendente superior y descendente inferior; con la suma del espesor máximo de pared en cada segmento se determinó un punto de corte de 1,5 cm, por el cual la población se dividió en dos grupos (sumatoria de espesores mayor y menor de 1,5 cm). Resultados: Hubo 33 pacientes (29,9 por ciento) con eventos. La mediana de sumatoria de espesor fue de 1,5 cm en pacientes con eventos cardiovasculares en el seguimiento y de 1,1 cm en los que no los presentaron (p = 0,0021). En un análisis univariado y multivariado se halló que la sumatoria de espesores mayor de 1,5 cm, fue la única variable que se asoció con eventos cardiovasculares y a la vez se observó una sobrevida libre de eventos menor para este grupo de pacientes. Conclusión: La sumatoria de espesores por eco transesofágico es útil para la predicción de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con ateromatosis aórtica. La sumatoria de espesores mayor de 1,5 cm constituye un factor predictor independiente de la presencia de eventos cardiovasculares.